Do bylines matter?

The Daily Tele­graph on the import­ance of bylines:

The sig­na­ture sys­tem has … dwindled into a purely tech­nical and pro­fes­sional mat­ter, a typo­graph­ical detail, a means of obtain­ing recruits for new journ­als, or for enabling writers to find employ­ment in dif­fer­ent papers. Out of a thou­sand signed art­icles only about twenty carry with them any import­ance. Read­ers look at the sig­na­tures without troub­ling them­selves about the per­son­al­it­ies of the writers. (1893)

Andrew Gilligan: hero of journalism…

Andrew Gil­ligan takes one more chance to defend him­self at CiF:

Although Hut­ton was, of course, a tac­tical tri­umph for [Alastair Camp­bell], with a knock­out vic­tory in the report and three good BBC scalps, it was an unpar­alleled stra­tegic dis­aster. If his aim in tak­ing us on was to dis­prove my story about the sexed-up dossier and restore trust in Tony Blair, it simply could not have been more counter-productive.

Here is Gil­ligan, who gave David Kelly up to John Maples and Richard Ott­away on the For­eign Affairs Select Com­mit­tee [PDF here]. Just read the email to them in full if you have any linger­ing regard for him as a journ­al­ist. Here it is:

John and Richard,

We have been doing some research on David Kelly. Aside from the MoD’s red her­ring of a source-hunt, he is an extremely inter­est­ing wit­ness in his own right — prob­ably, if he answers fully, the best you’ll have had.

  • He is described in one of the stand­ard ref­er­ence works (Tom Man­gold and Jeff Gold­berg, Plague Wars) as “the senior adviser on bio­lo­gical war­fare to the MoD . . the West’s lead­ing bio­lo­gical war­fare inspector” with “world recog­nised expert­ise in every aspect of bio­lo­gical war­fare [whose] know­ledge can­not be overtrumped.”
  • As has been repor­ted, he was the chief field inspector of UNSCOM, the pre­de­cessor to UNMOVIC. He led the first and last BW inspec­tions in Iraq car­ried out by UNSCOM.
  • He was one of three offi­cials who accom­pan­ied Jack Straw when Straw gave evid­ence to the FAC about Iraq’s WMD pro­grammes on Septem­ber 25 2002, one day after pub­lic­a­tion of the Blair dossier. He said hardly any­thing, how­ever, Straw did all the talking.
  • We believe he is cur­rently the chief Brit­ish inspector on the Iraq Sur­vey Group (the No.2 Brit in the Group under Bri­gadier John Dever­ell, the Brit­ish con­tin­gent commander)

Ques­tions for Kelly

What is the cur­rent state of the Iraq Sur­vey Group’s know­ledge about Iraq’s BW pro­gramme? Have you found any­thing?
Did you believe in Septem­ber 2002 that Iraq was an imme­di­ate danger?
Was every­one happy about the inclu­sion of the 45 minute point in the dossier in the light of what’s been dis­covered since?
Did you know the 45-minute point was single-source?
Were there any argu­ments between the intel­li­gence ser­vices and No 10 over the dossier?

Above all, he should be asked to say what kind of a threat Iraq was in Septem­ber 2002 in his opin­ion. If he is able to answer frankly it should be dev­ast­at­ing. Obvi­ously he works for the Gov­ern­ment and who pays the piper calls the tune. But if you could put some of these quotes (par­tic­u­larly the Watts) to him I think it would have some impact.

He is on record as say­ing that Iraq was NOT the greatest WMD threat. Leak­age from the Rus­sian pro­grammes, he believed, was a greater threat.

For instance, CBC (Cana­dian TV), 23 Octo­ber 2002. “Leak­age from Rus­sia is the greatest threat, because Rus­sia had a ded­ic­ated pro­gramme and a great under­stand­ing of how you use small­pox as a volat­ile weapon.”

On 18 Oct 2001, at the height of the US anthrax scare, Kelly told The Inde­pend­ent that if sus­pi­cion fell on any coun­try as the source of the US anthrax “the obvi­ous one is Rus­sia, it’s a league ahead of Iraq.” He also said that Iraq had “too much at stake” to take part in any action against the West.

He also told my col­league Susan Watts, sci­ence editor of News­night (who described him as “a senior offi­cial intim­ately involved with the pro­cess of put­ting together the dossier”):

In the run-up to the dossier, the Gov­ern­ment was obsessed with find­ing intel­li­gence to jus­tify an imme­di­ate Iraqi threat. While we were agreed on the poten­tial Iraq threat in the future, there was less agreement.

That was the real con­cern — not so much what they had now, but what they would have in the future. But that unfor­tu­nately was not expressed strongly in the dossier, because that takes the case away for war to a cer­tain extent .…’”

[The 45 minutes point] was a state­ment that was made and it got out of all pro­por­tion. They were des­per­ate for inform­a­tion, They were push­ing hard for inform­a­tion that could be released. That was one that popped up and it was seized on, and it’s unfor­tu­nate that it was. That is why there is the argu­ment between the intel­li­gence ser­vices and No 10, because they picked up on it and once they’d picked up on it you can’t pull it back from them. So many people were say­ing ‘well, we’re not sure about that’ … because the word-smithing is actu­ally quite important.”

Does he still agree with this?

Is Kelly our source?

We are not rul­ing any­one in or out as the source. I had many con­ver­sa­tions with people inside and out­side the intel­li­gence com­munity about the issue of Iraqi WMD and the dossier. We sus­pect the MoD of play­ing games to try to elim­in­ate names.

How­ever — if, as the MoD has said, Kelly’s involve­ment in the dossier was only tan­gen­tial, he can­not be our source. Two of my source’s claims which have proved to be true — that the 45-minute point derived from a single inform­ant, and that it came in late — have been shown to be true. Such facts could only have been known to someone closely involved in com­pil­ing the dossier until a late stage.

Andrew

As Gil­ligan told the Hut­ton Inquiry:

Q. … Is there any­thing you want to say about that e-mail to this Inquiry?

A. Yes. It was quite wrong to send it and I can only apo­lo­gise. I did not even know for sure that David Kelly was Susan Watts’ source. I was under an enorm­ous amount of pres­sure at the time and I simply was not think­ing straight, so I really do want to apo­lo­gise for that

And the con­ver­sa­tion that star­ted it all off? Lord Hut­ton was of this opin­ion on the mat­ter of Andrew Gilligan’s cred­ib­il­ity:

Hav­ing heard and con­sidered Mr Gilligan’s evid­ence about how there came to be two ver­sions of his dis­cus­sion with Dr Kelly on his per­sonal organ­iser, and how he lost his manu­script note which he made the next day, and how his memory of his dis­cus­sion with Dr Kelly is not now entirely clear, I have con­sid­er­able doubt as to how reli­able Mr Gilligan’s evid­ence is as regards what Dr Kelly said to him…

Gil­ligan gave up his source, and mis­rep­res­en­ted him. He didn’t kill Kelly, he just betrayed him. And instead of aton­ing for that betrayal, he hides it beneath a con­tinual gush of self-justifying cant.

That’s just my opin­ion, of course.

The Psychology of Newspapers

From a paper by Har­vard psy­cho­lo­gist Gor­don All­port and Janet Faden in the Decem­ber, 1940 edi­tion of Pub­lic Opin­ion Quarterly:

It is well known that waves of interest in gov­ern­mental reform are notori­ously short-lived for the pop­u­la­tion at large; yet they do con­sti­tute a last­ing tide of con­cern for a hand­ful of pro­fes­sional reformers.

So far as the aver­age man is con­cerned, it appears that demo­cracy will have to be con­tent with brief peri­ods of participation.

After his short surges of interest in the pub­lic wel­fare, he must be expec­ted to turn back to his voca­tional and domestic routine.

In sum­mary, the evid­ence repor­ted in this study is inter­preted as sup­port­ing five gen­er­al­iz­a­tions which are offered here as tent­at­ive laws in the new field of the psy­cho­logy of newspapers:

(1) issues are skel­et­on­ized;
(2) any given newspaper’s field of influ­ence is well-patterned;
(3) read­ers are more emo­tional than edit­ors;
(4) pub­lic interest as reflec­ted in news­pa­pers is vari­able in time;
(5) pub­lic interest rap­idly fatigues and presses for an early closure

All­port and Faden drew their con­clu­sions from the debate over the Neut­ral­ity Act in the long run up to Amer­ican par­ti­cip­a­tion in WW2

The wisdom of Neil Postman

Mike Rosen­blum has been riff­ing over on his blog about Neil Post­man and the U.S. pres­id­en­tial debates. Back in the day, Post­man wrote 1980s media clas­sic Amus­ing Ourselves to Death, which blames tele­graphy for all our mod­ern woes.

IMO, before the tele­graph, inform­a­tion over­load came in the the form of reli­gious works (try read­ing the Bible over break­fast, mak­ing sense of it, and then using its pre­cepts as a prompt for action — you’ll schism your­self before you’ve even reached the gospels).

Still, if you haven’t read Post­man in a while, dig him out, if only for nug­gets like this:

How often does it occur that inform­a­tion provided you on morn­ing radio or tele­vi­sion, or in the morn­ing news­pa­per, causes you to alter your plans for the day, or to take some action you would oth­er­wise not have taken, or provides insight into some prob­lem you are required to solve?

…most of our daily news in inert, con­sist­ing of inform­a­tion that gives us some­thing to talk about but can­not lead to any mean­ing­ful action … the situ­ation cre­ated by tele­graphy, and then exacer­bated by later tech­no­lo­gies, made the rela­tion­ship between inform­a­tion an action both abstract and remote.

For the first time in human his­tory, people were faced with the prob­lem of inform­a­tion glut, which means that sim­ul­tan­eously they were faced with the prob­lem of a dimin­ished social and polit­ical potency … For the first time, we were sent inform­a­tion which answered no ques­tion we had asked, and which, in any case, did not per­mit the right of reply.