Andrew Exum has an interesting account of how the U.S. Army did hearts and minds in Iraq five years ago…

In the fall of 2003, I was an officer in the U.S. Army, leading a special operations unit in Iraq.

When I inquired as to what psychological operations resources I had at my disposal, I was given two well-meaning soldiers armed with bullhorns.

They spoke, they admitted, no Arabic, but they had an Arabic-language recording they could play on their Cold War-era speaker system.

The enemy, meanwhile, had a keen understanding of how to use the internet and the pan-Arab satellite stations to shape the narrative of the war.